One of the most confusing word types for me to learn in Japanese is adverbs; probably because it often just a matter of a few degrees between meanings. Just as with English, for example: quite cold, fairly cold, a little cold, sort of cold, pretty cold, and so on. They all mean approximately the same thing, and differ only slightly. In one of my old textbooks (which has been permanently borrowed) there were a few basic linear diagrams of the degree of some Japanese adverbs, and I’ve searched for something similar on the internet, but the best example that I could find with them being “ranked” was a medical survey of patients talking about how well a certain medication worked for them, or something like that ^__^ Anyway, I spent a little while trying to compile some sorted lists, some of them may be interchangeable between the groups, and I know there’s a lot more adverbs out there, so feel free to suggest additions or corrections!
PROBABILITY/CERTAINTY 見込み/ 確信
絶対に---ぜったいに---absolutely, unconditionally
確かに/確実に---たしかに/かくじつに---definitely, certainly, reliably
きっと---きっと---surely, almost certainly
恐らく---おそらく---probably
多分---たぶん---perhaps, maybe
多分~ない---たぶん~ない---unlikely, maybe not
恐らく~ない---おそらく~ない---improbably
絶対に~ない---ぜったいに~ない---never
FREQUENCY 頻度
いつも---いつも---always
大抵---たいてい---usually, almost always
しばしば---しばしば---frequently
よく---よく---often, well
時々/ 時に---ときどき/ときに---sometimes, now and again
まれに---まれに---infrequently
滅多に~ない---めったにない---rarely, seldom
全然~ない---ぜんぜん~ない---never
DEGREE/EXTENT 程度
最も---もっとも---most, extremely
すっかり---すっかり---completely, thoroughly
随分---ずいぶん---extremely, considerably
大変---たいへん---terribly, remarkably
非常に---ひじょうに---exceedingly
凄く---すごく---greatly
とても---とても---very
かなり---かなり---fairly
結構---けっこう---quite (spoken)
ちょっと---ちょっと---sort of
少し---すこし---a little
あまり~ない---あまり~ない---not very
ちっとも~ない---ちっとも~ない---not at all (spoken)
QUANTITY 量
一杯---いっぱい---full, lots of
ほとんど---ほとんど---mostly, almost completely
どっさり---どっさり---lots of, heaps
大体---だいたい---mostly, generally
大分---だいぶ---a large portion, considerable amount
たくさん---たくさん---many, much
少ない---すくない---little, few
ほとんど~ない---ほとんど~ない---hardly any
何も~ない---なにも~ない---none, nothing
(These next groups are the patchiest ones, and difficult to put in any order.)
TEMPORAL
昨日---きのう---yesterday
今日---きょう---today
明日---あした---tomorrow
先週---せんしゅう---last week
今週---こんしゅう---this week
来週---らいしゅう---next week
去年---きょねん---last year
今年---ことし---this year
来年---らいねん---next year
ASPECT/TEMPORAL
もう---もう---already
すでに---すでに---already
未だ---まだ---not yet, still
突然---とつぜん---suddenly
直ちに---ただちに---immediately
やがて---やがて---soon
直ぐ---すぐ---soon
とうとう---とうとう---finally
ついに---ついに---finally
やっと---やっと---at last
先ず---まず---first of all
かつて---かつて---previously
いずれ---いずれ---eventually
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